Audrey Flack, Pioneer of Photorealism

Audrey Flack, Pioneer of Photorealism Audrey Flack, conceived May 30, 1931, is an American craftsman. Her work, essentially painting and model, has put her at the cutting edge of pop craftsmanship and photorealism. Quick Facts: Audrey Flack Full Name: Audrey L. FlackOccupation: ArtistKnown For: Pioneering the photorealist kind of workmanship, especially with depictions of ladies, regular items, and minutes in moderately ongoing history.Born: May 30, 1931 in New York CityNotable Works: Kennedy Motorcade (1964), Marilyn (Vanitas) (1977), World War II (Vanitas) (1978) Early Life and Education Flack was conceived in New York City in 1931, in the northern Manhattan neighborhood of Washington Heights. As a young person, she went to a particular expressions open organization, the High School of Music and Art. Her conventional workmanship training started in 1948, when she started her examinations at New York’s Cooper Union. Flack stayed there until 1951 and was then enlisted to Yale, generally because of the impact of German-American craftsman Josef Albers (who was then responsible for Yale’s workmanship division). While at Yale, Flack kept building up her own style while being impacted by her instructors and tutors. Specifically, her initial work showed an Abstract Expressionist style in the vein of Albers’ work. Flack graduated with her Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 1952. The next year, she came back to New York and read workmanship history for a year at New York University’s Institute of Fine Arts. Unique to Realism From the start, Flack’s work during the 1950s was an away from of her preparation with unique expressionists. She additionally grasped â€Å"kitschiness† in a mindful, amusing way. In any case, as time went on, she started to feel that the theoretical expressionist style she was using was not accomplishing what she felt was a significant objective: speaking with crowds. Due to this craving to make craftsmanship that was more clear to watchers, Flack started moving towards authenticity. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/qPL4SdLXx8vQxKaOV31ZQ3QYpdQ=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-3243946-c5e59431c45b40df95cc166bf84a770e.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/2QPKdo6PnwCsfadkrXDvVjdyr7s=/481x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-3243946-c5e59431c45b40df95cc166bf84a770e.jpg 481w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/Kukr5-0hspEJG-N_ZpTLuT_Nqps=/662x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-3243946-c5e59431c45b40df95cc166bf84a770e.jpg 662w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/zPeTnBOgNfdT_wfVccPSRXL-JHE=/1024x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-3243946-c5e59431c45b40df95cc166bf84a770e.jpg 1024w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/YYIB_vzvlycZXE3pGEzTyYPsY5s=/1024x688/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-3243946-c5e59431c45b40df95cc166bf84a770e.jpg src=//:0 alt=Audrey Flack class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-11 information following container=true /> Representation of craftsman Audrey Flack sits close to a work of art of President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy riding in the rear of a limousine on the day he was killed.  Nancy R. Schiff/Getty Images She joined up with the Art Students League (ASL), where she considered life structures under the tutelage of Robert Beverly Hale, and started discovering motivation in specialists from past times instead of later developments. Her work started to be classified in the â€Å"New Realism† development, and, in the end, moved right into photorealism, in which a craftsman endeavors to recreate a shot picture as practically as conceivable in an alternate medium. Flack was one of the principal understudies at the ASL to completely grasp photorealism and use photos as reference for her work. Photorealism, from various perspectives, is a sister sort to pop workmanship: portraying normal, unremarkable things, regularly as still-lifes that mirror the authenticity of photography as intently as could be expected under the circumstances. In 1966, Flack turned into the primary photorealist painter to have work in the assortment at the Museum of Modern Art.â Expanded Influence Now and again, Flack’s work moved past the run of the mill still life compositions and delineated authentic occasions. One of her most well known works is Kennedy Motorcade, November 22, 1963, which, as its title recommends, delineates a scene from the death of President John F. Kennedy. Her verifiable artworks, including her Vanitas works, regularly highlighted a socio-political analysis. Her still life works of art regularly did too; for example, her artistic creations of female-coded things, for example, cosmetics and aroma bottles would in general include some editorial on sexual orientation jobs and builds. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/FMmb37NUIRC5lX9HbaCrAIfmzdY=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-583898375-3b38a464c8e144789aa93bce88cd0268.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/Y_-DmCj0xS1O9lUkDa-1aVNaVMU=/481x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-583898375-3b38a464c8e144789aa93bce88cd0268.jpg 481w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/FqA2koSj6z2W_SdP6BIPPnpLhZ8=/662x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-583898375-3b38a464c8e144789aa93bce88cd0268.jpg 662w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/opP_FDqXlE6y7191jG2eiHCHhio=/1024x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-583898375-3b38a464c8e144789aa93bce88cd0268.jpg 1024w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/ueYOawrvIsYE3exZg1e88ppgyyI=/1024x684/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-583898375-3b38a464c8e144789aa93bce88cd0268.jpg src=//:0 alt=Artist Audrey Flack class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-19 information following container=true /> Representation of exhibition proprietor Louis Meisel and craftsman Audrey Flack and her hyper-pragmatist painting of Marilyn Monroe, New York, New York, March 10, 1978. Allan Tannenbaum/Getty Images In the mid 1970s, Flack built up another procedure for her compositions. Rather than simply utilizing a photo as a kind of perspective, she really anticipated it as a slide onto the canvas, at that point built up a digitally embellishing method to make the layers of paint. The 1970s additionally observed Flack paint her Vanitas arrangement, which delineated everything from adornments to scenes of WWII inhumane imprisonments. By the 1980s, be that as it may, Flack had changed her essential medium from painting to form. She is totally self-educated in mold, rather than her critical conventional preparing in painting. There are likewise other huge contrasts in her sculptural works versus her compositions. For example, where her artistic creations concentrated on conventional items or authentic scenes, her models will in general delineate strict and legendary subjects. Generally, ladies are delineated in her figures, speaking to fairly admired however flawed and various minor departure from the female structure and womanliness itself. Contemporary Work During the 1990s and 2000s, Flack had a considerable lot of work authorized. At a certain point, she was authorized to make a sculpture of Catherine of Braganza, the British sovereign after whom the New York City district of Queens was named; the task met with a few complaints and was rarely finished. All the more as of late, her sculptures Recording Angel and Colossal Head of Daphneâ (both finished somewhere in the range of 2006 and 2008) were authorized by and introduced in Nashville, Tennessee. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/OgXp_lZgo3Wvn2AHJf6r1YOoPf8=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-538821794-0660bbf6f66c426192c3eec3148537e1.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/Hkj3nYGLij3bEx9RrsNB_pPzxds=/481x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-538821794-0660bbf6f66c426192c3eec3148537e1.jpg 481w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/k3CJKRXMZt4Al9JEIYmxE7DMIh0=/662x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-538821794-0660bbf6f66c426192c3eec3148537e1.jpg 662w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/7MA3Emd2ijroZO7f0IlZyJeTWqo=/1024x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-538821794-0660bbf6f66c426192c3eec3148537e1.jpg 1024w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/YdchXfqPBtbcESBqPl3KkN9hMPc=/1024x683/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-538821794-0660bbf6f66c426192c3eec3148537e1.jpg src=//:0 alt=Audrey Flack's 'Recording Angel' class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-27 information following container=true /> Audrey Flacks Recording Angel sculpture remains outside the Schermerhorn Symphony Center in Nashville, Tennessee.  Raymond Boyd/Getty Images In later years, Flack has come back to her underlying foundations. Finding the photorealist development rather â€Å"restricting,† she moved back to Baroque impacts. She composed a book in 1986, gathering her musings on craftsmanship and being a craftsman. Flack has likewise educated and addressed both in America and abroad. Right now, she is a privileged teacher at George Washington University and a meeting educator at the University of Pennsylvania. She is based out of New York, where she parts her time between New York City and Long Island. Sources Blumberg, Naomi and Ida Yalzadeh. â€Å"Audrey Flack: American Painter and Sculptor.† Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/memoir/Audrey-Flack.Flack, Audrey. Art Soul: Notes on Creating, New York, Dutton, 1986.Morgan, Robert C. â€Å"Audrey Flack and the Revolution of Still Life Painting.† The Brooklyn Rail, 5 Nov. 2010, https://brooklynr

Effects of Popaganda films on World War II Essay -- essays papers

Impacts of popaganda films on WWII The impacts of film on WWII purposeful publicity Without the coming of the mode of film to wage a war of purposeful publicity both the Axis and the Allies of World War II would have thought that it was hard to accumulate as much help for their causes as they did. Firearms, tanks, and bombs were the main weapons of World War II, however there were other, progressively unpretentious, types of fighting also. Words, banners, and movies pursued a consistent fight for the hearts and psyches of the majority of the world similarly as without a doubt as military weapons drew in the adversary. Convincing the open turned into a wartime industry, nearly as significant as the assembling of projectiles and planes. The two sides propelled a forceful purposeful publicity battle to electrify open help, and a portion of these nation’s preeminent educated people, craftsmen, and movie producers became warriors on that front. Publicity in the broadest sense is the procedure of affecting human activity by the control of portrayals. These portrayals may take the spoken, composed, pictorial, or melodic structure. Since the film utilizes every one of the four of these sorts of portrayals, a movie producer would appear to use a great deal of intensity as a proselytizer. On the off chance that he so decides to utilize his capacity to its fullest potential. The basic differentiation lies in the expectations of the disseminator to convince a group of people to receive the demeanor or activity the individual in question upholds. This is pervasive as Hitler picked up help from his country to eliminate the Jewish individuals from Germany and Europe the same. He embraced such help by utilizing his Nazi purposeful publicity films as a weapon of mass interruption and control of the individuals of Germany. In the event that he had not glorified the German warrior as a legend, and presented patriotism in his kin, and acc used the financial issues of German for the Jewish race then he could never have had the option to achieve what he had in such a short measure of time. The most well known Nazi purposeful publicity film is Der ewige Jude (â€Å"The Eternal Jew†). â€Å"Der Ewige Jude† was built by Hitler’s Minister of Propaganda.It was made to legitimize the rejection, and the at last the obliteration, of a whole people. It delineates the Jews of Poland as degenerate, soiled, apathetic, revolting, and unreasonable: they are an outsider people which have assumed control over the world through their control of banking and business, yet which despite everything live like creatures. The narra... ...at the different methods for promulgation have on the extraordinary masses, film is without question the most remarkable. The composed and expressed word rely altogether upon the substance or on the enthusiastic intrigue of the speaker, yet film utilizes pictures, pictures that for a long time have been joined by sound. We realize that the effect of a message is more noteworthy on the off chance that it is less theoretical, progressively visual. That clarifies why film, with its arrangement of consistently moving pictures, must have a specific enticing power. Film is an extremely powerful apparatus in pursuing a war. With out it, it is difficult to get the individuals to remain behind you and bolster your motivation. Without the individuals it is difficult to win a war. In this manner I feel that with out movies commitment to the promulgation exertion the WWII would have been extremely, unique. Catalog â€Å"Der exige Jude†: Quellenkritische Analyze eines antisemititschen Propagandaf ilms, Institute Fur Wissenschaftlichen Film, Gottingen, 1995,p.134 Ellul, Jacques, Propaganda: The Formation of Men’s Attitudes. New York: Alfred A. Knoph, 1965. Hippler, Fritz, â€Å"Der Film als Waffe,† Unser Wille und Weg, 7(1937), pp.21-23. â€Å"Propaganda,† Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2000.

Troubles in the Proctor Household Essay Example for Free

Inconveniences in the Proctor Household Essay Run High in Proctor Household In the start of Act II of Arthur Miller’s play, The Crucible, the story presents a communication between John Proctor and his significant other, Elizabeth. The collaboration between the couple accentuates that their relationship is definitely not ordinary than that of a wedded couple. The fundamental driver of their ungainly relationship comes from Johns meandering desire. John Proctor has clashing feelings towards Elizabeth on the grounds that them two are attempting to dodge the immense truth that he submitted infidelity. The clashing feelings are available when John Proctor attempts to stay away from encounters with his significant other, the casual banter between them where John continually attempts to satisfy Elizabeth, and the absence of shared understanding between them. All through the scene, John Proctor made a decent attempt so as to stay away from fights with his significant other. In a male centric culture of the 1600’s, it would be exceptionally basic for a lady to be docile towards her better half. In the Proctor family, it is the same since Elizabeth discreetly questions her husband’s authority since she â€Å"fear(s) to outrage him† in spite of the fact that she has all the influence she needs in a contention by basically expressing the way that he undermined her (Miller 53). Be that as it may, John shows the direct inverse conduct of what is anticipated from a male in a male centric culture. Right off the bat, when John gets back home and tastes the soup his significant other arranged, he is â€Å"not very pleased† with it for it was not prepared well (Miller 49). In the wake of including progressively salt himself, John sees that Elizabeth is eagerly watching him taste the soup. Rather than being a run of the mill spouse, harking back to the 1600s by reprimanding such a little mix-up about how his food is prepared, he praises on how great tasting the soup is while realizing that it was the result of his helpful work. By holding his tongue, he maintains a strategic distance from a showdown among him and his significant other over a little issue of not placing enough salt in the soup. Also, John appears not to be the run of the mill male in his general public when he, â€Å"as delicately as he can† requests some juice (Miller 51). Obviously this isn't what his typical conduct would be on the grounds that, as Elizabeth is getting him his juice, she feels â€Å"a feeling of reprimand†¦for having forgot† (Miller 51). Since Elizabeth felt as though she planned something for wrong her significant other, she expects that John will make a tremendous obsess about the issue. Nonetheless, John calmly forgets about her misstep by simply changing the subject to him keeping an eye on the fields. His cautious conduct towards Elizabeth causes him to embrace the tone of a spouse that has planned something for massively disappoint his significant other and is making an effort not to outrage her. Obviously, it shows that John has clashing feelings towards his significant other on the grounds that he needs to go about as a commonplace spouse, harking back to the 1600s, yet he recollects the deplorable wrongdoing he submitted and attempts to evade showdown and the chance of both of them discussing his slip-up. John Proctor’s whole discussion with Elizabeth is generally directing sentiments toward please her trying to compensate for his undertaking. For instance, while eating his supper he offers consistent comments about their ranch being very large and the explanation behind getting back home so late was on the grounds that he was occupied with â€Å"planting out of sight the timberland edge† (Miller 49). In this undeniable endeavor to satisfy Elizabeth, John alludes to the way that he has buckled down on their homestead. By alluding to this, he plans to show Elizabeth that he is working for more noteworthy's benefit of the family and that he isn't investing energy with Abigail. Besides, John needs to ensure that Elizabeth sees all his difficult work when he recommends that on â€Å"Sunday†¦ (they’ll) walk the ranch to together† (Miller 51). The above section plainly shows the amount John is attempting to satisfy Elizabeth since he transparently said that they would go investigate the ranch on Sunday which should be committed to a day of supplication where nobody should accomplish any work and if an individual skips community gathering, they would get in a tough situation. Besides, John attempts to satisfy Elizabeth with material riches when he ends the clumsy quiet between them by unequivocally saying that â€Å"if the harvest is acceptable I’ll purchase George Jacob’s yearling. How might that please you? † (Miller 50). By asking Elizabeth her supposition on her opinion of his choice to purchase a calf shows an atypical connection between a couple, harking back to the 1600s since the male for the most part doesn't request their wife’s conclusion on their choices and that John is additionally making a decent attempt to satisfy his better half. The normal male disposition toward ladies voicing their feelings on things is likewise present in John’s manner when he detonates at the slight idea that Elizabeth â€Å"has lost all confidence in him† because of the way that he â€Å"faltered slightly† at the idea of harming Abigail’s notoriety (Miller 54). The consistent fight in John’s mien to go about as the man of the house just as the mindful spouse act he is battling to set up so as to compensate for his slip-up is a case of the clashing feelings he is encountering while at the same time managing his significant other.

Jean-Paul Sartre Essay Example for Free

Jean-Paul Sartre Essay Existentialism centers around the possibility that life has no significance and is viewed as silly. Existential logicians accept that people make their own qualities and decide an importance for their lives in light of the fact that, from the beginning, the individual doesn't have any natural worth or personality. â€Å"Existence goes before essence† is one of the most notable existential articulations and portrays how our solid being is a higher priority than its motivation. The existentialism development presented another method of seeing life and was shown through verse, visual craftsmanship and addressing. Utilizing these techniques writers, craftsmen and savants had the option to pass on the understanding that scanning for a significance to life is useless, and seeking after it can prompt the edge of complete appreciation about one’s reason for existing, and thus can make one perceive that life is just as important as one describes it. In â€Å"Freedom versus Determinism† by Tom Greening, the writer logically questions how the universe functions so as to show the peruser the inconceivability of knowing why things occur. Greening utilizes the line â€Å"While we contend, life goes by† to delineate the point that regardless of how much time and exertion is placed into battling about why things occur, life will persistently push ahead. He is contending that in the event that we sit around idly endeavoring to comprehend the significance of life, we will just arrive at the edge of comprehension. Through the battle to accomplish this â€Å"understanding,† our own lives can start to evade us. In â€Å"Untitled† by Jackson Pollock, the craftsman utilizes dynamic paint dribbling and brush strokes to communicate the possibility that life isn't intended to be comprehended. With the composition, Pollock is indicating how life is unique on occasion, particularly when its significance is sought after. This is like the thought in the binding together topical proclamation of the vanity of scanning for the significance of life. Life’s possible importance isn't intended to be seen, much like the work of art. In â€Å"Existentialism is a Humanism† by Jean-Paul Sartre, the instructor safeguards existentialism from reactions of being skeptical and bleak. He clarifies that man appears during childbirth, and simply after this happens would he be able to make a big deal about himself, making his own existence with no outside power pushing him. He expresses that man is the thing that he considers himself to be, and that's it. Sartre says â€Å"man is nothing other than what he thinks about himself,† to pass on the thought like the one in the bringing together topical proclamation, that life is just as noteworthy as an individual describes it. Every one of the three existentialists utilized their mediums to arrive at the resolution that there isn't one solid significance to life. Every individual puts significance to their own lives. Through understanding this guideline importance of existentialism, Greening, Pollock and Sartre showed the way that one ought to understand the insignificant presence of life is the main thing that issues, and ought not be squandered on vain endeavors to comprehend its significance.

Philosophy of Religion of Ancient Israelites Essay

Theory of Religion of Ancient Israelites - Essay Example Beginning states that God made issue, request just as life inside the universe and the main part uncovers the request for creation extraordinarily. In this manner, undoubtedly, the Bible as of now uncovers the angles that science is finding and the main stanzas of the book of Genesis are against seven of humanity’s bogus ways of thinking. Further, the lessons of Islam express that the universe, including man and the physical condition if the earth, was made by God. As indicated by Islam, a definitive objective is envisioning the universe like a book of images for interceding and considering an elevating of spirits or an official from which the spirit of individuals need to escape so as to accomplish real opportunity in their profound excursion towards God (Tymieniecka and Muhtaroglu, 2010). Then again the Hindu course of events and cosmology can be considered as the nearest to the contemporary logical timetables and might show that the Big Bang was not the start but rather a beginning of the present cycle that preceded an endless universe that might be trailed by other huge universes (Rinehart, 2004). In the Hindu idea, the Rig Veda addresses where the universe began from and is impression of the universe likewise considers one real awesome belief system that is self-ensuring, for example, Vaak, which is a celestial word that implies â€Å"birthing the cosmos†. The Hindu idea thinks about Brahma as the maker, whom God made and the universe is viewed as continually growing from the second it was made and vanishing into a murkiness in billions of years. Â

The Excessive Appetites Theory of Addiction

The Excessive Appetites Theory of Addiction Addiction Addictive Behaviors Print The Excessive Appetites Theory of Addiction By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 23, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 10, 2018 Zigy Kaluzny / Getty Images More in Addiction Addictive Behaviors Caffeine Internet Shopping Sex Alcohol Use Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery According to psychologist and addictions expert, Jim Orford, addictions can best be understood as appetites that have become excessive through a psychological process. This is a very different perspective from the traditional view of addictions as being primarily driven by an addictive substance that is consumed, such as alcohol, cocaine, or heroin. Jim Orfords approach to understanding addiction was first developed in 1985, with the publication of his ground-breaking book, Excessive Appetites: A Psychological View of Addictions. The second edition of the book was published in 2000. The Key Idea The central idea of the theory is that addictions are types of extreme appetites, rather than forms of dependency on drugs. The five core appetites he identified in the theory are drinking alcohol, gambling, drug taking, eating, and exercise. These examples are chosen as the clearest and best-documented examples of the phenomenon of addiction, all being common and not problematic to many people, but excessive and troubling when strong attachments to them are developed in a minority of people. While the excessive appetites perspective recognizes alcohol and drugs as addictions, they are seen as examples of addictions, rather than capturing the whole experience of addiction per se. In fact, according to this view, the dramatic problems associated with drug addictions have actually clouded our understanding of what is really going on with addictions. Rather than being a purely physiological process, the excessive appetites theory of addiction explains addiction as a complex psychological process, involving a large number of contributing factors. Rather than being a purely physiological process, the excessive appetites theory of addiction explains addiction as a complex psychological process, involving a large number of contributing factors. Factors Involved in the Excessive Appetites Theory The idea that addictions are excessive appetites is different from previous theories in two key ways. Firstly, addiction is described as a largely psychological process, rather than a physical disease. Secondly, addiction can occur in response to a wide range of different behaviors, not just to alcohol and other drugs, which predominate work on addiction. The excessive appetites theory of addiction is one of the strongest and clearest arguments for the existence of behavioral addictions, such as gambling addiction, food addiction and exercise addiction, which are specifically included and explored in the theory. Other behavioral addictions acknowledged include sex addiction, internet addiction, television addiction, video game addiction, and various other compulsive behaviors. He also mentions problematic behaviors such as shoplifting and joyriding as potential addictions. However, perhaps surprisingly, the originator of the theory, Jim Orford, argued against his concept of addiction being extended so far as to dilute the concept, and thereby diminish its importance. While critics of the theory have reduced the idea to absurd levels, as if to invalidate the idea, the suggestion that you can be addicted to everyday activities which have no negative consequences, such as tennis playing or crosswords, is actually missing the point entirely -- the whole point of the theory is that there are negative consequences that cause harm to the individual or to those around them. The person who has an addiction may or may not like the activity, and it is not the liking or disliking that makes it a problem. It is the indulgence of the activity to the degree that it hurts people, and yet the behavior persists, even when the person wants to stop, that is the problem. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

3 Free Tools to Prepare Your Non-Technical Presentation Topics Beyond PowerPoint

Whether you’re a busy high school, college or university student, a member of a big corporation or a business professional – you will be required to create a presentation at some point. Who knows, maybe you’ll be even required to make a presentation to view it online. It doesn’t matter what kind of presentations you need†¦ when time to work on a presentation is approaching, it is better to use the best tools and instruments that can fully comply with your demands. Moreover, it would be better if all of them were 100% free. Without any doubt, MS PowerPoint is one of the most popular software options used to create top-class presentations. The reality is that it does a really good job for most. However, before you decide to use PowerPoint, make sure to check out some of the other professional presentation tools available out there. There are many alternatives that you’ll find helpful in the process of work! 1.   Visme Speak Loudly. Speak Visually If you’re dealing with the non-technical presentation topics for Psychology, Business Development or Finance, you have an opportunity to easily make hooking visual stories with the help of Visme. From now on, you can quickly transform all boring data that you have from the disciplines mentioned above into interactive stories! Plus, users are given a chance to share the presentation on social networks or embed it at a website. 2.   PowToon Make It Awesome If you’re assigned with the task to create a presentation for PR Marketing, PowToon is a great video and presentation platform for crafting short presentations and videos about your brand. When it comes to the brand’s message, short explainer videos are an integral part of one. Using PowToon, you create animated videos and thus, educate your consumers about your product. 3.   Padlet Use a Paper for Your Screen Download an app that provides users with an opportunity to express their ideas on a particular topic easily. The application functions like an online sheet of paper where you’re required to place any content (videos, images, text, documents, etc.) anywhere on the page. A good option to make use of when dealing with Literature or Social Media presentations. Since you’re working with the non-technical presentation topics, it is highly important to keep your topic a bit generic. Please, keep in mind the following aspects: The topic should be interesting to your target audience. You need to have enough knowledge on the chosen topic. You need to be able to cover the topic content within ten minutes. Once you’re done with that, try some of the topics offered below and make sure to grab your audience attention right at the beginning! Here you go: Mass Media: Basic Phobias and How to Eliminate Them; Mental Disorders How to Treat Them; ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder); Symptoms of a Pathological Liar; Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: Narcissistic Behavior How to Deal with One. English Literature: Dark and Light in Romeo and Juliet; How Poe Observes the Characteristics of the American Gothic Literature Tradition in â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†; Why is Frankenstein’s Monster Is Never Given a Name?. Philosophy: Happiness Is Only Derived from Helping Others; Is Belief in God a Good or a Bad Thing?; Does an Understanding of the Sexual Desire Mean an Understanding of the Human Nature. According to the student preferences for PowerPoint presentation, students prefer the graphs and pictures rather than text explanations. Use the tips provided above as a cornerstone of your success to create a solid presentation with ease! You always can trust this daunting task to our professionals if you feel some difficulties. Our cheap presentation writing service will help you out.

Texas Anti Marijuana Laws Should Be Banned - 966 Words

Texas has had a long history of being a state that marijuana is smuggled into across the border with Mexico. The anti-marijuana laws in Texas are some of the strictest in the United States with high fines and long prison sentences. Currently under Texas laws the possession of 2oz or less can result in 180 days in jail and or a fine up to $2000 dollars, as well as your license being suspended for 12 months. So why does Texas take a such a harsh stance against marijuana? Why does Texas keep throwing money on fighting a war on marijuana? How many more of our fellow Texans are going to have their lives ruined over using a plant that grows out of the ground. Through research I will show and explain how the current aggressive laws and policy against marijuana in Texas effects not only the users, but every Texan. The beginning of Texas anti-marijuana laws can be traced back to the city of El-Paso (Drug Policy ORG). Prior to 1914 Texas had no laws concerning the usage or sale of the p lant, but then the stories of people using marijuana in Mexico and terrorizing people made their way to El-Paso and the Deputy Sheriff Stanley Good. Deputy Good made it a personal mission of his to get El-Paso to make the substance illegal. The whole basis of his argument is that immigrants from Mexico will come to the Untied States and use the drug and terrorize El Paso. At the time marijuana use was prevalent in the border towns by both Americans and Mexicans but nobody gave it anyShow MoreRelatedThe War Over Marijuana1862 Words   |  7 Pagesrogue elephant in the game room everyone running for president pretends not to see. (Steigerwald) The present works aim is to analyze the concerns which revolve around the marijuana state and federal legalization debate, with special emphasis on its positive outcomes. The majority of clinical research studies concerning marijuana use and its effects unravel the uncertainty which surrounds the subject and present the common pattern of insisting that further clinical enquiry is necessary. MeasurableRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1788 Words   |  8 PagesThe use of marijuana has been around since B.C. times and was banned by the US government in Marijuana Tax Act of 1937. However, the debate over the legalization of cannabis sativa, known as marijuana, has been one of the most prominent and controversial issue in society today besides same sex marriage. Over the centuries, a shift in opinion in the favor of legalization has been seen. There are five jurisdictions in the United State that have rejected the failed prohibition of marijuana and changedRead MorePrayer, Homosexuality, And Alcohol And Drugs1469 Words   |  6 Pagesbetween religion and freedom. This paper will discuss three areas where this battle is manifested: public prayer, ho mosexuality, and alcohol and drugs. America today reflects the outcome of each side’s ability to make laws and the measures that were taken to achieve its goals. These laws have reshaped America. One area of reform in reshaping America involves education, specifically the controversy of keeping or prohibiting prayer in public schools. There were two landmark cases concerning the controversyRead MoreMedical Cannabis Should be Legal Essay1657 Words   |  7 Pagescontroversial issue whether drugs such as marijuana should be legalized or not. Some people advocate this issue and believe that legalization is the only solution left for the nation while other oppose because it will increase the numbers of drug users and drug related crimes.Marijuana is a drug that is legal in the United States.This drug is bad and cause some side effect to your brain and body.Scientists have found smoking marijuana can cause you to loses your memory. Marijuana has many psychological and physicalRead MoreThe Associate Justice Of The Supreme Court1378 Words   |  6 Pagessister and a younger brother. Thomas father walks out of his life at an early age. His mother eventually sent him and his brother away to live with her parents in Savannah, Ga. Thomas attended the College of Holy Cross and graduated from Yale school of law. Thomas has accomplished many accomplishments in his lifetime, that’s why I find Thomas one of the most influential individuals to serve in the courts. He was nominated by bush to serve a seat on the U.S. court of appeals for the District of ColumbiaRead MoreThe Issue Of Marijuana Legalization1712 Words   |  7 PagesThe matters of marijuana Marijuana is still illegal in the eyes of the federal government but the states claim it is, in fact, legal for the states to openly practice recreational and medicinal usage of the drug. Now with many people sick the only other option after numerous prescriptions that make the people sicker marijuana given its pain releasing properties seems to be the only thing we can count on. Marijuana first dated euphoric use dates back to 2737 BC. Its use spread from China to IndiaRead MoreGun Crimes Cause Serious Harm to Children by Christine Watkins871 Words   |  4 Pagesfactors that must be taken into consideration. Fred Reed, the author of, â€Å"Why Gun Control is Certain to be Effective† Discusses that there are many illegal activities that have long since been banned, but are still affecting America as a whole, negatively. Substances such as alcohol, meth, cocaine, and marijuana in most states, are readily available to the people willing to partake in criminal activities (Gun Control). By looking at America’s past, it is obvious that making something illegal does littleRead MoreMedical Marijuana Should Be Legal1851 Words   |  8 Pagesrecent years, medical marijuana has become legal in 23 states across the country, including washington D.C, new york,new jersey, oregon, and many others. Medical marijuana has been know too aid cancer patients und ergoing chemotherapy, along with a large number of medical conditions like Glaucoma, Arthritis, migraines, hepatitis C and many others. While there is a large following in the medical marijuana movement, there is also a large counter-movement who want to medical marijuana to stay illegal. InRead MoreLegalizing Weed Essay2923 Words   |  12 Pagesglorifies the cultivation of marijuana. Cypress Hill, a Los Angeles based rap group, has long championed the legalization of recreational and medical marijuana, which has recently become a pressing issue in this day of alternative medicine, civil liberties, and humane treatment for the terminally ill. As an increasing number of states pass laws allowing medical marijuana and authoritative studies legitimizing both recreational and medicinal use of marijuana continue to appear the argumentsRead MoreEssay about The Arguments for and Against Drug Testing in the Work Place2159 Words   |  9 PagesARGUMENTS FOR AND AGAINST The Arguments For and Against Drug Testing in the Work Place Becky M. Kanipe Orientation to Doctoral Learning in Psychology The Arguments For 2 Abstract The issues of whether society should permit the business sector to test for the presence of illegal drug use by the employees, is one in which seemingly convincing arguments can be proposed to support it, as well as equally convincing arguments against the concept. In this paper, I will

Education For A Better Future - 1493 Words

Education for a Better Future As students approach their senior year in high school the stressor of trying to get into an exceptional school kicks in; however, undocumented students deal with the fear of uncertainty in their future. â€Å"Around 65,000 undocumented immigrants graduate from high school, but out of those 65,000 only 6,500 go on to attend college†(Kelsey). Where these students come from should not affect the level of education they can obtain. Other states across America have already starting allowing undocumented students to apply for financial aid along with in-state tuition. There are thousands of undocumented students that get accepted into prestigious schools, but find themselves hopeless in the end because the cost may be too much to bear. Undocumented students should be able to earn in-state tuition given that they meet or excessed academic standards set by colleges, but given this certain laws should also be in place in order to avoid a surge of undocumen ted immigrants coming to America as a result of it. In United States twenty out of the fifty states are offering undocumented students the chance for in-state tuition. â€Å"Five of those states (California, Washington, Texas, New Mexico, and Minnesota) are going as far as offering undocumented students financial aid†. In order for those undocumented students in those twenty states to be granted these benefits they must first qualify and meet the states requirements. Although some states mayShow MoreRelatedA Better Future. . â€Å"Education Is The Passport To The Future,1528 Words   |  7 PagesA Better Future â€Å"Education is the passport to the future, for tomorrow belongs to those who prepare for today†, exclaimed Malcolm X in BrainyQuotes.com. People have very different reasons on why going to college and getting an education is important for them. A college education is one of the key values to one’s successful future by providing a secure pathway into finding a lifetime career. College education does not only help a person get a job, but also teaches he or she how to invest in themselvesRead MoreA Better Education For A Brighter Future1225 Words   |  5 Pages A Better Education for a Brighter Future When we think of our favorite celebrities and leaders, it is hard to imagine them having a life that is nothing but prosperous. However, many celebrities overcame many trials and tribulations before they become famous and rich. These individuals had proven that even if you are born into a ‘bad situation’ you have the potential to pull yourself out of poverty. These actors, musicians, TV hosts and writers all grew up in poor and poverty strickenRead MoreThe Aims Of Education : A Better Society For The Future1269 Words   |  6 PagesThe aims of education to me is produce a better society for the future. To help them be moral, ethical, and develop a higher sense of thinking. This way they can help progress society as a whole, and advance further together into the future. Having the future citizens of the world have a higher sense of thinking can aid them in their decisions more moral; assist them in determining what is right and wrong. Students will need to learn how to be more open minded and able to share knowledge amongstRead MoreEarly Childhood Education: A Wise Investment Approach for a Better Future721 Words   |  3 PagesTitle Early Childhood Education: A wise investment approach for a better future. 1. Core message There are many benefits from improving quality in Early Child Education services and the trade-off between affordability and quality in these services should not determine the efficiency of this improvement. Even though this latter issue (affordability versus quality) comes to reality and associated dollar cost might impact on families’ budget, it should be explain benefits from this kind of actionsRead MoreEducation Is Not For Our Future And Better Prepare Us For The Real World1582 Words   |  7 Pagesinstitution that is supposed to shape our future and better prepare us for the real world. We pay them thousands of dollars so we can earn a degree that can earn us thousands of dollars and maybe much more. We have been shaped to think that this is the exact path that we have to take when we grow up and exactly how the majority of young adults are spending their late teens to early 20s. Now to get into these institutions in which we receive our higher education from we have to meet certain requirementsRead MoreProfessional Development of Nursing Professionals824 Words   |  4 Pages(IOM) introduced a two year contract in 2008 (IOM, 2010). The basis of the contract is recommendations, which will impact the future of nursing care, and include changes in â€Å"public and institutional policies at the national, state, and local levels† (Future, 2010). This essay will provide a basic understanding of the IOM’s contract, including the impact on nursing education, nursing practice in primary care, and the impact on the nurse’s role as a leader. Overview the IOM Report: Transforming NursingRead MoreClass Dismissed By Meredith Maran1027 Words   |  5 Pageschildren gain better futures. The author mentions that parents who devote more time and effort are those who believe that schools and education will improve their children’s chances of success. Most of them benefited from education when they were students. In contrast, parents who do not believe schools and education put less effort into their children’s educations. In addition, the author points out that social background determines how much parents devote to their children’s educations. The inequalitiesRead MoreEducation Is The Establishment Of Accomplishment1220 Words   |  5 Pages Education is the establishment of accomplishment, on the off chance that you have objectives and exclusive standards; you can fulfill them through education. Higher education is a system where a four year degree can give you a wide enduring future. Being that the hig her education is the most specific way to achieve a goal in the future in terms of jobs and higher earnings. More on the higher education are now financially aided by the government and that helps students a considerable during theirRead MoreEducating Afghan Girls Education929 Words   |  4 Pages Educating Afghan Girls’ Education is one of the most important contributors to having a successful future. In developed countries such as North America boys and girls are fortunate enough to have access to an unbiased education system. Therefore, allowing children to have countless opportunities. However, in countries like Afghanistan girls are marginalized and neglected the right to learn. Afghanistan is a country of war, where women and girls are often the worst victims. In 2011, Afghanistan wasRead MoreArgumentative Essay - Education in Latin America848 Words   |  4 PagesEDUCATION = FUTURE, A LATIN-AMERICAN PERSPECTIVE by Ana-Maria Gonzalez â€Å"Education leads to a brighter future.† Quite a clichà ©d phrase, actually. So popular, that people tend to forget the true significance of it. It is known that Latin America faces numerous problems that makes looking into the future a discouraging view; but we fail to realize the lack of education may be the root of these issues, including violence, unemployment and poverty. Even though education is widely available in Latin

How Private Schools Are Using iPads

Private schools are on the forefront of using technology to further education. NAIS, or the National Association of Independent Schools, has developed a set of principles about technology use in their member schools that emphasizes the importance of training teachers so they can implement the new technologies in their classrooms. As technology educator Steve Bergen of Summercore has noted in his thirty years experience implementing technology in private schools, the key to implementing technology well in schools is training teachers to use it well and use it across the curriculum. Here are some novel ways private schools across the country are using technology, including iPads. Using the iPad to Teach Across the Curriculum Many private schools have begun to use tablets, including iPads. For example, Cambridge Friends School, a co-ed Quaker pre-K through 8th grade school in Massachusetts, developed a program by which every sixth, seventh, and eighth grader will use an iPad to replace laptops. As reported in Business Wire, The iPads were provided in part thanks to a grant from Avid founder Bill Warner and his wife, Elissa. The iPads are used across the curriculum, in every subject matter. For example, students use them to watch time-release photos of an osmosis and diffusion lab. In addition, students were able to see a slide of the Maya temple of Chichà ©n Itzà ¡ and then swipe across the slide to see what the temple looked like 1,000 years ago. Using the iPad to teach Math San Domenico School, a boys and girls pre-K through 8th grade day school and a 9-12 girls day and boarding school in Marin County, California, has a 1-to-1 iPad program for grades 6-12 and an iPad pilot program in grade 5. The schools technology department works to train teachers in all grades to use the technology to further educational goals. For example, math teachers at the school use iPad math text applications, and they also use the iPad for taking notes and managing homework and projects. In addition, teachers can use applications such as videos from Khan Academy to reinforce their skills. Khan Academy has over 3,000 videos on a range of academic areas, including math, physics, history, and finance. Students can use their videos to practice skills and keep track of how well they are doing towards reaching their goals. Another well-known math application is Rocket Math, available as an iPad application. Through this program, students can practice math skills through worksheets or through math missions on the iPad. At the nearby Drew School a co-ed 9-12 school in San Francisco, all students also have an iPad. Students are trained about how to use their iPads, and they are allowed to bring their iPads home. In addition, the school hosts training sessions for parents to learn how to use the iPad. At the school, math teachers digitally project math problems that students can work out on their iPads, and teachers and students use a program called SyncSpace Shared Whiteboard to work together on math problems. The images captured on the Whiteboard can be e-mailed or saved. Eventually, the school plans to replace all textbooks with iPads. The iPad as an Organizing Device Students can also use the iPad as an organizational tool. Some teachers at different schools have noted that the iPad can help middle school and other students who tend to lose or misplace homework handle and centralize their assignments. In addition, students who have iPads do not misplace their textbooks or notebooks. Students can also use the iPad to take and organize notes using tools such as the Note function or a program such as Evernote, which allows students to tag notes and place them in specific notebooks so they can be easily found. As long as students dont misplace their iPad, they have all their materials at their disposal.

Financial Accounting 1 - 4806 Words

Multiple Choice: 1. In general terms, financial assets appear in the balance sheet at: a. Face value b. Current value c. Cost d. Estimated future sales value 2. Which of the following practices contributes to efficient cash management? a. Never borrow money – maintain a cash balance sufficient to make all necessary payments. b. Record all cash receipts and cash payments at the end of the month when reconciling the bank statements. c. Prepare monthly forecasts of planned cash receipts, payments, and anticipated cash balances up to a year in advance. d. Pay each bill as soon as the invoice arrives. 3. Each of the following measures strengthens†¦show more content†¦9. Which of the following actions is least likely to increase a company’s accounts receivable turnover? a. Encouraging customer’s to use bank credit cards, such as VISA and MasterCard, rather than other national credit cards, such as American Express. b. Offer customers larger cash discounts for making early payments. c. Reduce the interest rate charged to credit customers. d. Sell accounts receivable to a factor. 10. On October 1, 2011, Coast Financial loaned Barr Corporation $300,000, receiving in exchange a nine-month, 12 percent note receivable. Coast ends its fiscal year on December 31 and makes adjusting entries to accrue interest earned on all notes receivable. The interest earned on the note receivable from Barr Corporation during 2012 will amount to: a. $9,000 b. $18,000 c. $27,000 d. $36,000 11. Puget Sound Co. sold marketable securities costing $80,000 for $92,000 cash. In the company’s income statement and statement of cash flows, respectively, this will appear as: a. A $12,000 gain and a $92,000 cash receipt. b. A $92,000 gain and an $8,000 cash receipt. c. A $12,000 gain and an $80,000 cash receipt. d. A $92,000 sale and a $92,000 cash receipt. 12. The primary purpose for using an inventory cost flowShow MoreRelatedFinancial Accounting 14890 Words   |  20 PagesFINAL EXAM 1 1. Which of the following is the fundamental accounting equation? Current assets + Current liabilities = Owners equity Assets + Owners equity = Liabilities Cash = Debts + Common stock Assets = Liabilities + Owners equity 2. On December 31, 2014, Track Record Inc.s sales people have ï ¬ rm outstanding orders totaling $1.66 million, which, it has guaranteed its customers, will be fulï ¬ lled during the month of January 2015. If Track Record includes the $1.66 million in its sales ï ¬ guresRead More1-The Presentation Of Financial Accounting Information1310 Words   |  6 Pages1- The presentation of financial accounting information is governed by a combination of legal requirements and accounting regulations and conventions. Different types of business entities are governed by different requirements for the preparation of financial statements. Discuss the different elements of financial statement and support with examples from the Annual report of Al Marai. Balance sheet: financial statement that summarizes a company s assets, liabilities and shareholders equity atRead MoreFinancial Accounting Libby Chapter 1 Notes4725 Words   |  19 Pagesï » ¿Lesson 1:   The Accounting Process (Textbook Libby et al. Chapters 1 and 2). Objectives:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When you have successfully completed this lesson, you will be able to... Define accounting and explain its purpose Define business and identify the different types of businesses Explain the accounting equation: Assets = Liabilities + Owners Equity Visualize the start of a business, create accounting transactions for it, and prepare simple financial statements   Reading Assignment Please read chaptersRead MoreAdvanced Financial Accounting Chapter 1 Notes Essay2661 Words   |  11 Pages1 Intercorporate Acquisitions and Investments in Other Entities McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright  © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Development of Complex Business Structures †¢ Enterprise expansion as a means of survival and profitability – Size often allows economies of scale – New earning potential – Earnings stability through diversification – Management rewards for bigger company size – Prestige associated with company size 1-2 OrganizationalRead MoreFinancial Accounting IFRS Edition E2 CH.1 Answer7691 Words   |  31 PagesCHAPTER 1 Accounting in Action ASSIGNMENT CLASSIFICATION TABLE Brief Exercises A Problems B Problems 5, 6, 7, 11 1A, 2A, 4A 1B, 2B, 4B 3 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 1A, 2A, 4A, 5A 1B, 2B, 4B, 5B 4 8, 9, 12, 13, 2A, 3A, 14, 15, 16, 17 4A, 5A 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B Learning Objectives Questions Do It! Exercises 1. Explain what accounting is. 1, 2, 5 1 1 2. Identify the users and uses of accounting. 3, 4 1 2 3. Understand why ethics is a fundamental business concept. 4. Explain accounting standardsRead MoreEssay on Financial Accounting Theory and Analysis† Text and Case: 1-2644 Words   |  3 PagesFinancial Accounting Theory and Analysis† Text and Cases Case 1-2 Accounting Ethics a. What, if any, ethical issue is involved in this case? Legally the financial vice president is not obligated to move to the new standard; however, I do see an ethical issue with this decision. The ethical decision lies in the fact that the vice president is knowingly presenting financial statements that do not reflect the true condition of the company. This is a great example of the line between ethicsRead MoreBAF 301 Accounting and financial management Assignment 1 Mohammad Gholamali 20101147 Dr. Suja900 Words   |  4 PagesBAF 301 Accounting and financial management Assignment 1 Mohammad Gholamali 20101147 Dr. Suja Sarah Thomas Colleague of Electrical Electronics Engineering Introduction In this report I am going to write some of the important principle and assumption and guidance used to prepare accounting statements. In the world of business there are some general rules and principles which the universe of accounting uses them as a general guidance. There are some international framework like Financial accountingRead MoreRelationship Between Accounting Principles Board And The Financial Accounting Standards Board1349 Words   |  6 Pagesbrief history of the relationship between the Accounting Principles Board and the Financial Accounting Standards Board. Accounting Principles Board. In 1936 the American Institute of Accountants merged with the American Society of Certified Public Accountants, forming a larger organization later named the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA). In 1936 the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Committee on Accounting Procedure (CAP) was formed.(Schroeder CatheyRead MoreThe International Accounting Standards Board1687 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen a significant transformation in the global financial structure. These remarkable chang es are a result of increasing global competition, changes in business and political climate, increasing technological advancements etc. Globalization in particular has given the corporations and individual borrowers to look beyond the borders for finance and investment opportunities. In order to protect these investors and to maintain the market integrity a financial reporting framework was developed. This frameworkRead MoreU.s. Accounting Practices Can Cause Complications1060 Words   |  5 PagesAfter a thorough analysis of several U.S. accounting failures such as those at ENRON, Worldcom, and others, individuals in the European Union and around the world claim that had the U.S. followed International Financial Reporting Standards, instead of U.S. GAAP, these debacles might never had happened. For many years, the accounting profession had faced several challenges developing a set of guidelines that would be generally accepted and universally practiced around the globe. In more r ecent years

Robin lane fox Free Essays

It is an immense task to relate the story of the world’s most successful conqueror in 553 pages but Robin Lane Fox manages to narrate the tale of Alexander the Great in a way no other author ever has. A story that has been repeated over and over again, and every account of the life of Alexander the Great has many versions which is somewhat shrouded in mystery, with elements of ambiguity. We will write a custom essay sample on Robin lane fox or any similar topic only for you Order Now Main Body:   Fox manages to find a completely new angle on the intriguing account of the history’s most enigmatic leader, putting aside mundane details and stiff diction used by historians and instead using the evidence and facts and enveloping them with all the energy, passion and vigor which the incredible account of Alexander’s life deserves. Born in 336 BC Alexander became the king of Macedonia at the age of 20, from there on he established an empire far greater then any other conqueror could ever even think of, he was the only military leader who was never defeated in any battle. The book has all the dramatic and tragic elements to make it seem like a work of fiction but the historically accurate details and facts used by the author makes this book a reliable source for historical information. Fox really made a reader see what Alexander’s times was like and how the people belonging to his times were like, he plunges into the depths of this man’s desires in a desperate need to narrate to the reader what motivated this young King to conquer the world. The account of Cleitus’s murder by Alexander is an exceptionally well written part; Mr. Fox writes that â€Å"the gist of the taunts that resulted in his murder can still be recovered today†. The description in the book about various aspects of the surroundings whether it be nature or interiors is superb the author really wants the reader to experience the times and events of Alexander the Great. Every chapter narrates the famous battles and conquests making them even more interesting with myths and legends related to them. Fox not only gives the report of the events happening at that time but also comments on how they affected the later civilizations. He writes about the various events that took place during Alexander’s life and what changes his conquests brought about in the world.   However there are shortcomings in the book as well for instance the author does not analyze the militarily tactics, all historians agree that military tactics show the true brilliance of Alexander the great, also the battle of Granicus is described very briefly and the description accepted by most historians is rejected by Fox where he says that it never took place as is told, but Alexander and his army fought in an open ground on the other side of the river. Conclusion: Many readers may find this book lacking in insight to the military life of this great leader. Fox perhaps wanted to give the reader an insight into what kind of a person Alexander the Great was instead of what he accomplished, since he often got distracted from narrating the story and goes on to making his own assumptions. The book is not an easy read but it does present Alexander the Great in a completely new light. WORKS CITED Book Rags â€Å"Alexander the Great by Robin Lane fox†, Accessed October 9, 2006, from: http://www.bookrags.com/ How to cite Robin lane fox, Papers

Case Study Swot Analysis of Chic Fashion Limited

Question 1: Using a SWOT analysis identify any weaknesses and threats that will assist in evaluating Fashion Adornments Pty Ltd's business risk and indicate how these may affect the audit of the financial report. Answer 1: The SWOT Analysis (Weakness and Threats) is enumerated below:- Weaknesses: Inactive Participation from recogn them strengthens the companys administration. ized concerns. Pay of laborers is expensive. Threats: Competitors, suppliers who are ready to supply almost homogeneous products in lesser price. Non up gradation of the quality of products. Any political, social or economic contingencies which may be the reason for fall of the industry. Effect on Audit of Financial Report: Based on the risk associated with a project or proposal, the auditor may give an opinion on how weaknesses associated with such project can be curbed. If the control and compliance department is not working properly; the auditor may give recommendations to the management regarding those issues. Question 2: a) Explain the effect on inherent risk of CFL's relationship wih the department stores, b) Indicate two financial report items that would be affected and the assertions most at risk? Answer 2: a) Inherent risk in a business organization would take place even if there is strong internal control, such as uncertainty relating to changes in economical, political, social scenarios, non availability of sufficient funds. There should be enough tools or mechanisms to mitigate such risks. CFL with its department store would be vulnerable if in the department store such fraudulent activities are taking place which the company has no idea about. If the products in the departments are not adequate to meet customers requirement, for example in a situation of more demand and less supply, an inherent risk is associated with that as the customer are left with the option of buying the same product from the competitor companies. Regular up gradation of systems and a control in the inventory management has to be put in force. b) Two financial reporting items that would be affected are inventory (pilferage), fixed assets (due to depreciation). Question 3: Identify six application controls present within the payroll system that one may be able to place some reliance on and explain why each is a control. Answer 3:- The application control system and their importance: The batch processing system ensures input authorization, tackling huge volume of data. Comparing the manually computed data with the data produced by system ensures the reasonableness of the resulted outcome. The employee details whether valid is checked by the computer indicates that the data is integrated. Application process control is being done when the documents, reports are authorized by the competent authority. By checking the validation, reasonableness, logicalness, limit and sequence of the data validation and edit control is taken care of. Output control is performed by taking authorization from employees as they put their signatures in payroll masters listing. Each of the above are controls as the presence of each of them strengthens the companys administration. Question 4: Explain the implications of the errors noted in the tests of controls Answer 4: Test of controls are taken in the auditing process when a large number of transactions are involved in the audit and it is not possible to verify each and every transactions or data within the audit period. In this problem, 80% cases are such that all control activity has been followed. Payment to an unapproved supplier in which no explanations were provided and some of the payments did not bear evidence amount to 6% of the sample size, requires follow up procedures or it can form a qualified opinion. 2 of the payments were not supported by approved purchase order; management needs to give reasons for that, as it is one of the important documents for generation of purchase. 2 instances were found in which no supporting documents were found except the original lease agreement. The errors which occur during the conduct of sample audit can be mitigated if the samples are selected in a proper way, the material error are to be reported by the auditor in the report. Proper explanations from the management will be needed in cases where documentation like order copy, bills, invoices were not found, as they are the indication of poor internal control. Question 5: Provide two examples of CAATs that could be undertaken using generalised audit software to assist with the audit of the valuation and allocation assertion for inventory of fashion adornments.Provide two examples of Caats that could be undertaken using generalised audit software to assist with the audit of the existence for inventor of fasion adornments. Give two reasons why one might not use generalised audit software to audit the inventory of Fashion Adornments. Answer 5: Computer Assisted Audit Techniques (ACL, ESKORT) are protocols of audit using the computer system as a device. One of the processes for valuation and allocation is fraud detection techniques by the use of data mining. The inventories must be coded; a check digit method may be adopted for the same.Another example of CAAT that could be undertaken using generalized audit software is of checking validating the period on which the inventory are recorded, whether they are correctly classified or not, the position of level of inventory in a particular point of time. Question 6:- Provide the opinion on the appropriateness of the audit assistant's conclusions in each of the two situations above. Answer 6:- Two examples of CAATs, for the audit of existence of inventory are IDEA (Interactive Data Extraction and Analysis) and Audit Command Language (ACL), they are suitable for performing continuous audit and data analysis. Two reasons for not implementing generalized software would be- The users might be unable (or difficult) to understand the system. They are expensive. In the background of the case, the error was related to 3% of accounts payable tested, the errors were termed as immaterial. It could be observed if such errors have impact on internal control system. The nature of such error and follow up with the management could be necessary. The Audit Assistant conducted a test where 6% errors were found, and the tolerable misstatement rate was 4%. The mistakes were not material in character. Material misstatements are reflected in audit reports to give a qualified opinion. In this case, the errors are to be dealt by informing the management of such flaws. The management is required to give explanations as they are above the rate of tolerable misstatement rate. References: Aidi Ahmi, S. K. (2013). The utilisation of generalized audit software (GAS) by external auditors. Managerial Auditing Journal , 88-113. Arndt, E. (2009). The SWOT vs. the Risk Analysis. Business Star tup Advice , 1. AU Section 312, S. o. (2006, December). Audit Risk and Materiality in Conducting. Audit Risk and Materiality in Conducting an Audit . USA: AICPA. Augustine, O. E. (2013). Impact of Audit Evidence on AuditorS Repor. Research Journal on Finance and Accounting , 92-93. Blokdijk, J. H. (2004). Tests of Control in the Audit Risk Model: Effective? Efficient? Wiley Online Library , 1. Bragg, S. (2011). What is a payroll journal? Accounting Tools , 1. Christine Bellino, J. W. (2007). Auditing Application Controls. The Institute of Internal Auditors , 1-4. Crumbley, N. A. (2008). Auditors Responsibilities with Respect to Fraud: A Possible Shift? THE CPA JOURNAL , 1-2. Isabel Pedrosa, C. J. (2012). Computer Assisted Audit Tools and Techniques in Real World: CAATT's Applications and Approaches in Context. International Journal of Computer Information Systems and Industrial Management Applications , 161-168. K.L. Jeyaraj, C. M. (2012). Application of SWOT and Principal Component Analysis in a Textile Company- A case study. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development , 46-49. Loughran, M. (2010). How to Assess Inherent Risk in an Audit. For Dummies , 1-2. Messier, W. F., Austen, L. A. (2000). Inherent Risk and Control Risk Assessments: Evidence on the Effect of Pervasive and Specific Risk Factors. Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory , 1-2. Peter, E. (2013). Audit Risk Assessment and Detection of Misstatements in Annual Reports: Empirical Evidence from Nigeria. IISTE Journals , 97-99. Quittner, J. (2008). Taking Stock of Inventory Management. Bloomberg Businessweek , 1-3. Sayana, S. A. (2002). Auditing General and Application Control. ISACA Journal , 1-2. Waxman, R. N. (2009). A Test of Controls. THe CPA Journal , 1-4. Webster, A. L. (n.d.). The Process of Performing an Internal Audit in Strategic Management. eHow- The Process of Performing an Internal Audit in Strategic Management , 1-2. Williams, J. (n.d.). SWOT Analysis for the Fashion Industry. Chron-Small Business by Demand Media , 1-2. Zhao, G. J. (2013). Relation between Audit Effort and Financial Report Misstatements: Evidence from Quarterly and Annual Restatements. American Accounting Association , 1385-1390.

Women and Crime by Frances Heidensohn Essay Example

Women and Crime by Frances Heidensohn Paper Women and Crime is written by Frances Heidensohn. The book was published by Macmillan Press LTD and it is the second edition. The main themes in the book are about how women are treated when they commit crime. The book looks at what crimes women commit and how they feel. It studies how the criminal justice and the penal system treat women offenders. It also analyses the deviant image of women and their experiences. The book examines social theories and traditional criminology. As well as exploring modern theories and feminist criminology. The criminal justice chapter tells us that very few women commit crime and there are small numbers who go to prison. Women commit petty crime such as shoplifting and do not really get caught, if they do it is a small number. This is because the role of a woman in society today does not come under committing crime so people pay less attention to women then men when crime is involved. The chapter about images of deviant women is very interesting, this is because it does not look at petty crime which, the reader would expect it to. Instead looks at more serious crime that are committed by women. We will write a custom essay sample on Women and Crime by Frances Heidensohn specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Women and Crime by Frances Heidensohn specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Women and Crime by Frances Heidensohn specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It looks at crime such as murder like Lizzie Borden who was tried and acquitted of hacking to death her father and her step mother in 1893. Also Mary Ann Cotton convicted of murdering her step son in March 1873. Also moors murders, Myra Hindley who gained a lot publicity from the media because she was a woman who committed murders of young children. This is not expected of a woman because women are protectors of young children. So for example a mother who should look after young children and tell them what is right and wrong and guides them through out life. Not someone who should take life. Feminist criminology says that women crimes were invisible because there was such a small number. Women are also placed in a big stereotype of being in the home and bring up the children. The book also mentions moral panics about women crimes, a good example of this is witchcraft that was amplified because it was women who were doing it and in our society that is not the acceptable role of women. When looking at womens crime prostitution is a big category because it is not morally accepted in society so it is wrong even though people do not look at the economical side of prostitution for most women. In general most women are convicted for prostitution. Another aspect of the book is that of social control and the structure of society. Womens role in society, which has already been mentioned, is to look after the children and take care of the home. There has always been restriction on women because of men making the rules. If children are deviant the mothers always get the blame. Also women carry a double burden of two roles and they gain very little or no help form their husbands or partners. For children women play a significant part in social order in society. The book examines all the stereotypes about women, which are made by society that we live in with regard to crime. The book is everything you need to know about women and crime. It tells you every thing about the law to women experiences. The second chapter of the book is very interesting and has used research of other people very well. It also has extracts from letters about womens experiences that makes it interesting to read, so it uses real life examples. The book also had subheadings within chapters so it is easy to refer to a particular part of the book. The book is for academic readers and not for general reading so it is perfect for a student who is studying women and crime. The layout of the book is excellent because it is easy to refer to some thing like a quote in the book. The book has quotes from other people works and it explains them very well and you know which criminologist said what and what they meant by it. The language of the book is a bit complex and boring. . The language is appropriate to the audience. It uses Standard English so that everyone can understand it. The reader has to read some part of the book again in order to understand it. So it is a heavy book to understand overall. The book has 11 chapters and it has a look of evidence and quotes from other sociologist and criminologist which the author refers to when making a point about women and crime. A disadvantage of the book is that there is too much information in each chapter and it is hard to understand everything that is written. The text size is 12 this is what most people use and is comfortable with. If the writing was bigger then people may think it does not cover the relevant points or if the writing was too small it may put some people off from reading it because it would not be user friendly. However the way the book is set out it is user friendly. The authors extract and quotes are very useful because they demonstrate the points that are made which, also keep you interested in reading it. The text of the book flows well and makes sense. So it is in a logical order. The author look at prostitution a lot and serious crime it does not have much about petty crime which most women are convicted for. This is another disadvantage. The book also is well set out and you know who said what and where the quotes have came from. It also use statistic to illustrate point which are being made and it make it easy to compare men and women in crime they commit. The book also looks at the history of women and crime and how things have changed which makes it easier for the reader to understand what has changed and what is the same. However the book does not compare womens and mens crime so you can not really see how the two genders are treated for the same crimes. Although the book does mention women as victims of crimes but need to go in to depth more. The book does meet it aims which are set so it fulfils the purpose of the book. The book has two additions, the first edition has 10 chapters in it and the second edition has 11. This is because the book has been updated. The second edition also women as victims and what have changed and what has not. The first edition does not look at women as victims so again this is another advantage for the second edition. The book Women and Crime does not actually bring anything new about women committing crime because we already know that women commit less offence then men and most of the offence committed by women are invisible because there is such a small number. However the book does state that a lot more research needs to be done in this area, which is said by feminist criminology. Although the book does consolidate all the information we already know, so it is easier to access, which is helpful. The author does achieve it aims because it tells you all the information about women and crime and the book is good for students studying women and crime. The book is very detailed and there is a lot of information with evidence about women and crime. It is also very slow. At the beginning of the book there are a list of aims which the book meet through out. Each aim that is made in the introduction has been give a lot of detail about it and is usually give a whole chapter on it. In the conclusion the author again tells us what the aims were and how they were meet. The conclusion in the book is well written and summarises what was in the book. So the conclusion is very convincing about the themes which are in the text. The author also hits its target audience which are student and academics who are studying women and crime and has all the relevant information in one book which is very useful to student because it save them time find information from other books. Most students like to use only one book so it is a perfect student text to have. Also the book points out that there is no book called men and crime because all the book about crime have a lot of information about men committing crime and do not really mention women and crime. The book also raises a lot of question that most people would not ask and answers them well. So in conclusion the book overall is a very good student hand book for anyone studying women and crime. It has all the information and more. It contains all the evidence that you need to look for and the work of other criminologist. However the book is a heavy read and you need to concentrate when reading it. So you may need to read it again in order to gain all the information that you need.

Warm blasts of wind embraced Essays

Warm blasts of wind embraced Essays Warm blasts of wind embraced Essay Warm blasts of wind embraced Essay Warm blasts of wind embraced the figure in white standing all alone in the midst of the green grasses and weeds in the open field. He shuddered because even though the day was perfect, there was an uneasy feeling in the atmosphere. He took a few steps backwards because looking eastwards, the sun was blinding him. He turned around and ran into a door that seemed to appear out of thin air. He was puzzled for a moment as he reached forward to open the door. Just then, sounds of a bird came from up above and he turned his head upwards to have a look at it. It was a seagull flying high up in the sky in a straight line heading right over top of him.As the bird got closer to him, it bent his head down to look at the man in white, making eye contact, then it let go of a letter it was holding on to with his back legs. The bird made him nervous; its eyes were cold and lifeless. The envelope dropped a meter in front of him and kept on shifting on the ground as the wind moved it around yet it di d not lift of the ground. He tried to move forward to pick it up but froze in that moment as he looked up in the sky again. The sky above was no longer bright blue with the yellow sun shining above; it was turning grey as the clouds began to cover up the sun. He felt uneasy as if he was in a nightmare. He felt destruction coming towards him, he lusted for the destruction but his mind longed for a route to take, to escape the nightmares.Santiago backed away. His mind raced with images of death, bloodsheds, tears and guilt on faces of people he does not recognize. He backed away from the letter, further and further. The images did not stop. They flooded his brain. His soul was being plagued with these images. He closed his eyes hoping they would go away but they did not, they became more horrifying and he was forced to open his eyes. The nightmares were all of a sudden very real. There were people everywhere. They were dressed in whitefaces color drenchedlifeless eyes. They were the a bandoned angels. He was surrounded in a sea of white. There were not only adults.There were children, hundreds of them, more than he could possible imagine, all dressed in white. Every one of them was watching two figures ahead of them figures clothed entirely in red. The two figures just stood straight ahead of him and stared at Santiago like a statue. Nothing moved. No sound made. Next to him an albino child was praying, moving his lips, quietly forming his prayer, asking god for forgiveness, for mercy. The scene was haunting. He wanted to escape but he knew it was not possible. For a moment he closed his eyes again, and like a magnet he was attracted to the door that had reappeared behind him. His hands were then pinned perpendicular to the door and his legs forming an upside down v against it. He opened his eyes and saw the two red figures still standing in the same position. He tried to move but it was no use. The people around him were drawing around the two figures in red as if they were possessed.Frozen in the same position, he was forced to watch the crowd. The puppets and their masters stood still for what seemed like hours to look at him. They slowly started to turn their heads, except now the pale faces of the entire crowd was covered in crimson liquid. The little albino boy looked into his eyes, the same shade as the liquid on his face. They burned into him, warning him. This little boy, he saw everything in him. The red orbs were filled with satisfaction. He felt sharp strokes of pain coursing through his still body as He clenched his fists to stop himself from crying out in pain. He looked down his body. He had been slashed everywhere but no blood had come out. His white suit were spotless and his white shoes still shinning.There was no blood on the ground either. He looked up and realized that the crimson liquid that covered the faces of the crowd was probably his blood. The door suddenly disappeared; he fell to the ground hunched over and in p ain but now free to move. He saw that the red leaders were now looking at their feet holding swords covered in blood. They had cold smiles on their faces, looking satisfied. Something seemed to lie at the feet of the red leaders.He felt the anger radiating from the red leaders as he slowly made his way to where they stood. His breathing became worst and but he stayed composed and upright, trying to hide the pain, the discomfort and the fact that the crowd intimidated him. He was scared. When he reached the crowd, he pushed his way through them one by one. He finally reached the two red leaders and followed their gaze to where a body lay at their feet looking familiar.Santiago felt a cloud of sadness hover over him as he thought it may be someone he loved. He bent over and turned the dead body that lay faced down on the dirt covered ground. At that moment he was paralyzed. The body was not someone he loved. It was him. His once handsome visage was now severed, swimming in blood. It w as the same crimson blood that covered the faces of the sea of white that was surrounding him.The two figures now looked at him, holding long bloody swords in their hand and looking even more cold and emotionless than the fallen angels. In a split second, like fog lifting off of his vision, the faces of the strangers seemed clearer with details. But they were not strangers. The two figures in the red were two of his friends, the Vicario brothers. Most of the faces that met his were people he knew or loved. He felt betrayed and disgusted. Santiago tried to stand up but both brothers drove their bloody swords through his back. He cried out in agony but again no blood came out. Santiago ran out of energy but he still struggled to stand up. The crowd watched him agonize and did not help him. After a few minutes they all started walking away from him.The man dressed in white now lay in the middle of the dirty field covered with his own blood, as the heavens cried out in pain over the los s of a hero. The fallen hero who was betrayed by everyone he knew, everyone that had the power to help him failed. Tears poured down from heaven, the cold body lay on the grass as day gave into the night and the ice cold tears tortured the already dead body to another painful death.

How to Cite a Website in Harvard Referencing

How to Cite a Website in Harvard Referencing How to Cite a Website in Harvard Referencing With so much information now available online, you may need to cite a website in a piece of academic writing at some point. But since most referencing systems focus on books and journals, knowing how this works can be tricky. Thus, to help out, we’ve prepared this quick guide to citing a website using Harvard referencing. In-Text Citations (Named Author) To cite a website in Harvard referencing, you will need to give the author’s surname and a year of publication. For instance: Rousseau converted to Catholicism in 1728 (Bertram, 2010). If you have already named the author in the main text, though, you don’t need to duplicate this information in the citation. Instead, you can just give a year of publication in brackets after the author’s name. In addition, since websites don’t have page numbers, you will not usually need to give a pinpoint citation when quoting an online source. However, for long or complicated texts, you could include a paragraph or section number (use â€Å"para.† to signal a paragraph number or the â€Å" §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚  symbol to denote a section). So to cite a website like this, we would write: According to Bertram (2010,  § 2.1), Rousseau thought morality had been displaced by â€Å"the impulse to dominate, oppress and exploit.† Make sure to check your style guide for information on citing sources with no page numbers, though, as different places will have different rules. In-Text Citations (No Named Author/Date of Publication) To cite a website that does not name its author, the best approach is usually to reference an organizational author instead. This will be the company or organization that runs the website: Tax avoidance often involves using contrived transactions that serve no purpose other than exploiting legal loopholes (HMRC, 2016). If no date of publication is available, you can use â€Å"n.d.† in its place: Moths are â€Å"an essential part of food chains† (RSPB, n.d.). It can be hard to spot the author and publication date for websites, though, so make sure to check carefully before omitting this information from citations. How to Cite a Website in the Reference List As with any source in your work, you should add all cited websites to a reference list at the end of your document. The information you need here is: Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year or Publication/Last Update) Title of Web Page [Online]. Available at: URL [Accessed date]. In practice, then, the reference list entry for a website would look like this: Bertram, C. (2010) Jean Jacques Rousseau [Online]. Available at: plato.stanford.edu/entries/rousseau/ [Accessed 24 October 2016]. Of course, if a webpage is missing a named author or date of publication, this should also be indicated in the reference list: RSPB (n.d.) Grow Food for Moths [Online]. Available at: https://ww2.rspb.org.uk/makeahomeforwildlife/givenatureahomeinyourgarden/gardenactivities/growfoodformoths/ [Accessed 19 September 2016]. A Quick Note on Harvard Referencing Although Harvard referencing is a common citation style, it is not a single unified system. As such, the rules your school uses may differ, so you should always check your style guide if you are not sure how to cite sources.

Impact of collaborative learning Research Paper

Impact of collaborative learning - Research Paper Example I have examined the impact of collaborative learning on students by use of simple regression analysis. The results indicate that collaborative learning had a positive effect on the performance of students. The study shows the proportion of collaborative learning to performance. The study also highlights areas of further study. Although the traditional classroom learning has it advantages, it is very imperative for a school to adopt collaborative learning as this will develop the students academically and socially (Inaja & Eraywoke, 2010, p.46). Introduction Collaborative learning is a scenario where individuals engage in learning mutually through taking part in discussions. It involves individuals learning together and taking advantages of each other skills, experience and resources. Collaborative learning is also a tutoring technique in which learners at different performance stages learn together in small groups toward a universal objective. On the other hand, traditional classroom is the process of learning where teachers give knowledge by use of lectures. The students are passive in the classrooms, but they write the ideas down. The exchange of ideas in the discussion groups not only increase exchange of ideas, but also promote critical and creative thinking. Most of the research studies conducted have been concentrated on the primary and secondary levels. There is convincing proof that supportive groups attain at elevated levels of thinking and maintain information longer than students who labor as individuals. The mutual erudition provides learners with a chance to connect in argument, take accountability for their own knowledge, and hence become decisive thinkers. Collaborative learning is founded on the suggestion that knowledge is more proactive through social action where learners actively engage in the learning modules and learning materials. Learners will absorb knowledge more easily through connecting with each other in the group discussion. Collab orative learning will give learners an opportunity to get exposed to dissimilar and varied environment. Learners will communicate, present and support thoughts, and exchange principles that they feel need engagements (Wei-Fan & Chung-Pei, 2011, p.57). The system incorporates social interaction in studies and makes learning more enjoyable and easy to comprehend. The method takes place when students are dynamically occupied in an area where studying takes place through clear or inherent attempts. The method involves a cognitive process by which teachers act as facilitators and students as recipients of knowledge. Collaborative learning method involves the use of networks, virtual classrooms, periodic group tests, and the use of dialogue. Collaborative learning has been tested and analyzed through tools that are designed to offer students a grasp of the learning experience. Furthermore, the method ensures that students and teachers engage each other in the learning process and undertak e constructive dialogue in class. Although, the method does not

Egypt from 2100-1700 BC Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Egypt from 2100-1700 BC - Research Paper Example There are villages built alongside quarries and building sites, and so poor people must have lived near to the wealthy people, but segregated into their own living quarters. Some indication of Egyptian family life from this period has survived in papyri, such as letters from an old farmer Hekanakhte who left his home to go on business: â€Å"these letters, which are full of sharp commands to his several sons to do his bidding, to stop whingeing about the slender rations he has allowed them, and to be kind to his new wife.†ii The content of these letters may not be very significant in terms of historical facts, but it is interesting that the tone is so authoritarian, and the sons and wife all have to obey the commands of the father figure. Reading between the lines, there is a suggestion that the sons were not respectful, and perhaps this was a stepmother whom they resented. This evidence suggests that the Egyptian society of the time was patriarchal, and that families were exp ected to work the land together. The importance of agriculture was immense, because it brought the food on which the cities depended. The population of Egypt was then, as now, mostly gathered along coastal areas in the North and especially along the banks of the Nile, whose life-giving waters sustained the crops, and also served as a transport artery along the Eastern edge of the country. Hard work in the fields was probably the reality for a large number of people. This period was also known for its commitment to funerary rites, including the building of tombs and pyramids, the worship of Osiris, lively trade with countries around the Eastern Mediterranean, and advances in medicine, pottery and literature. Some of it looks back to earlier Egyptian glory and this why it is sometimes likened to a Renaissance period. The monuments are not quite so huge, and there is more evidence of modest day to day living, paying taxes and working on crafts, which suggests that at least some of the ordinary people were beginning to enjoy the pleasures and achievements of advanced civilization. Reflection It is pleasing to see in the period from 2100 to 1700 that towns and villages are growing up, partially with the support of the ruling Pharoahs, and are developing their own local economies. The worship of female gods, and the mummification of queens shows also a positive role for women, in some layers of society at least, but I do think that this was probably a very sexist society, where gender roles were pretty much fixed. There seems also to be a great respect for elders, and so to be young, and female, and especially to be a servant or slave, must have been very difficult. Added to this is the tendency of the Nile to flood, and the unreliability of harvests, which means that living conditions may have varied from season to season depending on the weather conditions. The evidence of taxes being levied is also a rather modern complaint, and this made me think that many aspec ts of life back in this period must have been similar to modern times. The lower classes always struggle to meet this obligation to the state, and it seems unfair that those who work the hardest seem to benefit the least. I had not been aware

Important Role In Job Design Management

Important Role In Job Design Management The topic which I choose for my research is the impact of job enrichment and enlargement on employee motivation and performance. I intend to find the factors which play an important role in Job design which is constituted of job enrichment and job enlargement so that they could best motivate employees and in turn enables them give their best performance. Organization is the strength of any business. The more organized and efficient the different components in the business are, the better it functions and produces. Therefore jobs must be enlarged and enriched keeping in mind what is best in the interest of an organization. I would like to mention here what is job enrichment and job enlargement. What are their Pros and Cons, and their effectiveness? Job enrichment basically refers to the concept of improvement in job or an increase with the help of upgrading and development. For example if you are a typist by job enrichment you will have to type and proof read as well. It also stresses upon the concept of employee satisfaction in respect to their position and personal growth potential. Job enrichment involves organizing and planning in orderÂÂ  to gain more control over their duties and work as a manager. The execution of plans and evaluationÂÂ  of results motivates workers and relieves boredom. Job enlargement on the other hand means adding more duties or increasing the workload to the same job. It provides the chance of enhancement and more productivity for employees. For example if you are a typist and you type 20 pages per day by job enlargement you will have to type 30 pages per day. Job enlargement is a vehicle employers use to put additional workload on employees, perhaps in economical downtime. By adding or inc reasing the responsibilities employees are also getting a chance of enhancement and more productivity. In literary terms job enlargement is the expansion of job context to include a wider variety of tasks and to increase the workers freedom of pace, responsibility for checking quality and discretion for method. Therefore to summarize the major differences between the two we can state that job enrichment, when compared to job enlargement, not only includes more duties and responsibilities, but also gives the right of decision making and control. Apart from that job enlargement is horizontal where as job enrichment is vertical expansion of work. But both the forces Job enlargement and job enrichment are useful for motivating workers to perform their tasks enthusiastically. It is through job design organizations try to raise productivity levels by offering non monetary rewards such as greater satisfaction. Job enrichment and job enlargement are such techniques used in job design exerci se. Statement of problem Job design is the intentionally planned structuring of work effort performed by an individual. There is increasing evidence that poorly designed jobs now a days is a persistent social problem affecting the performance of employees. Justification for the topic The reason I choose this topic was because of the fact to identify factors which play important role in job design so that it could best motivate the employees and in return they give best performance. Scope of study The scope of the study is focus on the impact of job enrichment and job enlargement and how employees respond to it in terms of their performance and how motivated they get. Back ground Information Job design with the concept of job enrichment and job enlargement came about with rapid technological advancements at the turn of the 20th century when mass production and assembly line operations emerged. As jobs continue to become more sophisticated and specialized, the need for an educated and motivated workforce has become indispensable. The nature of work and its organization has interested managers, economists and social scientists for as long as people have been employed by others to engage in productive activity. Managers have largely been interested in maximizing output from available resources. Economists and social scientists have raised questions about the organization of work in relation to issues of the individual and society in general. It is also important for the HR departments of organizations to understand the importance of job design. As Well-designed jobs help to accomplish two important goals: getting the necessary work done in a timely and competent manner, and motivating and challenging employees. According to Hackman and Lawler (1971) a job will be motivating and intrinsically only if it high on all five of the core dimensions which are skill, variety, autonomy, task identify and feedback. It is only then that an employee would perform better than expected. Related definitions Job design: It refers to the process of determining exactly what an employee does on the job: the tasks, duties, responsibilities, decision-making and the level of authority. Job enrichment: Job enrichment adds newÂÂ  sourcesÂÂ  ofÂÂ  job satisfactionÂÂ  by increasing the level ofÂÂ  responsibilityÂÂ  of theÂÂ  employee. It is also calledÂÂ  job enhancementÂÂ  orÂÂ  vertical job expansion. Job enlargement: Job designÂÂ  techniqueÂÂ  in which the number ofÂÂ  tasksÂÂ  associatedÂÂ  with aÂÂ  job is increased and appropriateÂÂ  trainingÂÂ  provided to add greater variety toÂÂ  activities, thus reducing monotony. It is a horizontalÂÂ  restructuringÂÂ  methodÂÂ  in that the job is enlarged by adding related tasks. Job enlargement may alsoÂÂ  resultÂÂ  in greaterÂÂ  workforce flexibility. Job involvement: The degree, to which an employee identifies with his job, actively participates in it, and considers his job performance important to his self-worth. Internal motivation: Learners are motivated from within by personal needs or wants that are positive in nature such as a desire to succeed or love of learning. High morale: High morale is a concept that states high emotional or mental condition with respect to cheerfulness and confidence. Job performance: Job performance is a commonly used, yet poorly defined concept in industrial and organizational psychology, the branch of psychology that deals with the workplace. It most commonly refers to whether a person performs their job well. Despite the confusion over how it should be exactly defined, performance is an extremely important criterion that relates to organizational outcomes and success. Problem development The reason why I am conducting this research is to judge the impact of job enrichment and job enlargement on employee performance. As we know that the concepts of job design that include enrichment and enlargement are not widely used in Pakistan, therefore this research will give a proper perspective on how job enrichment and enlargement impacts employee performance. Secondly because of the fact that whether these concepts of job design will be helpful to motivate employees, increase employee performance and productivity. Literature review Job design and its approaches are usually considered to have begun with scientific management in the year 1900. Pioneering scientific managers such as Taylor (1947), Gilbreth (1911), and Gilbreth and Gilbreth (1917) systematically examined jobs with various techniques. They suggested that task design might be the most prominent element in scientific management. Robert A. Karasek (1971) described some implications of job redesign. He explained that job enrichment and job enlargement helps employees to develop new skills and face new challenges. Job enrichment specially is the major driving force for the employees that motivate them to perform much better. It was also observed that well designed jobs have a positive impact on employee satisfaction and quality performance. Another important factor stressed upon by Robert A. Karasek was that some employees do not have the motivation that is repetitive to the enriched job. This results in less satisfaction and lower work output. According to Argyris (1964) and Blauner (1964) simple, routine, non challenging often produce dissatisfaction and demoralization of workers. They suggested that for optimal worker motivation tasks should be enlarged rather than simplified. In a no. of different experiments it has been showed job enlargement has a positive impact on motivation and performance. With respect to the design of individual jobs, the first major theory was that of Herzberg and his colleagues (Herzberg 1959). Their two-factor theory distinguished between two types of factors, namely motivators, which are intrinsic to the work itself (e.g. achievement, recognition, and responsibility), and hygiene factors, which are extrinsic to the work (e.g. work conditions, pay, and supervision). The proposition was that the hygiene factors are absolutely necessary to maintain the human resources of an organization. According to Hertzbergs theory, only a challenging job has the opportunity for achievement, recognition, advancement and growth that will motivate personnel. According to Hackman and Lawler (1971) a job will be motivating and essentially satisfying only if it is high in all 5 core dimensions. The core dimensions are autonomy, task identity, feedback, variety and skill. It is only then a person finds that performing well leads to important intrinsic rewards such as feeling of heightened self-esteem, personal growth and worth wile accomplishments. Finally it was proposed that only people who have strong desire for higher order need satisfaction will respond to jobs that are high on all core dimensions. That is unless workers value feeling of accomplishment and growth; they will be unlikely to respond positively to a job which is structured to provide opportunities for their attainment through hard work. It was found that when jobs were high on all core dimensions employees who were desirous of higher order need satisfaction tended to have high morale, high work motivation, few absences from work and be rated by their supervisors doing high quality work. Thus this theory emphasized a job high on all core dimensions will result in higher motivation and better results in terms of performance. According to Podsakoff (1996) enriched jobs have been found to provide fundamentally satisfying tasks and job enrichment is positively related to a wide variety of employee attitites and performance. As stated by John R. Cook (1997) the objective of good job design is to design jobs which allow people to perform tasks in a safe, efficient and economical manner which facilitate the realization of various organizational goals such as profit and increased production. The goal of job enrichment is to improve employee satisfaction and performance by increasing job scope vertically allowing opportunities for personal achievement, recognition and growth. Job enrichment principles were largely associated with the phenomena that enriching a job is proposed to increase positive work outcomes that is motivation and performance and decrease negative outcomes which included stress and boredom. Problem definition The impact of job enrichment and job enlargement on employee motivation and performance. Statement of study objectives Hypothesis H0: Job enrichment does not have a positive impact on employee performance. H1: Job enrichment has a positive impact on employee performance. H0: Job enlargement does not have a positive impact on employee performance. H1: Job enlargement has a positive impact on employee performance. Theoretical framework Job enrichment Robert A. Karasek, Jr (1979) J.Lee (2004) Boredom Strain Job dissatisfaction Physiological distress Intellectual stimulation Diversified workforce Employee performance Employee motivation Innovation Job enlargement Edward E Lawler (1973), John R cook (1997), J.Lee (2004) More opportunities Develop new skills High morale High work motivation Variable reference list Robert A. Karasek, Jr.(1979) Job Demands, Job Decision Latitude, and Mental Strain: Implications for Job Redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Jun., 1979), pp. 285-308. Edward E Lawler , J Richard Hackman (1973) Effects of Job Redesign: A Field Experiment. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 1973, 3, 1, pp. 49-62. J.Lee Whittington, Viki L Goodwin (2004) Transformational leadership, goal difficulty, and job design: Independent and interactive effects of employee outcome. Leadership quarterly 15 (2004) 593-606 John R. Cook (1997) Job enrichment and mental workload in computer based work: implications for adaptive job design. International journal of industrial Ergonomics 24 (1999) 13-23. Christopher Orpen (2001) Effect of job Enrichment on employee satisfaction, motivation, involvement and performance. A field experiment. Department of Psychology, University of the Witwatersrand, 1, Jan Smuts Avenue, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa. Michael J. Smith, Pascal C. Sainfort (1989) A balance theory of Job design for stress reduction. Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 U.S.A. Received 17 October 1988;ÂÂ  accepted 5 January 1989.ÂÂ   Available online 27 February 2003. Theoretical justification As I have stated earlier that job enrichment and job enlargement are the most important aspects of job design in order to motivate employees so that they give better performance. The variables mentioned in the framework basically represent that why job enrichment and job enlargement is there and what are their implications. All variables are directed towards increasing employee motivation and performance. The framework shows that through job enrichment and job enlargement according to the variables (Boredom, Strain, Job dissatisfaction, Physiological distress, and Intellectual stimulation) a job can be made more interesting with reduced levels of boredom and repetitive movements which will in turn motivate employees to perform exceedingly well than anticipated. Job enrichment also intellectually stimulates employees as think out of the box, thus motivating them towards better performance. Apart from that diversified workforce and innovation are two such variables that are positively related to employee performance. The more diversified and specialized a job the better is the performance as all specialist ar put to work. Lastly through innovation as well employees tend to perform really well. Elements of research design Type of research: Applied Study setting: Natural Nature of data: primary data Unit of analysis: organizations Reference period: (Jan- Aprill 2011) Survey research: working population Statement of analytical approach: qualitative and quantitative questionnaires if required statistical modeling Limitations Respondents bias Time constraints (less sample size) Complete access to different departments of an organization References used www.jstor.com www.sceincedirect.com www.google.scholar.com www.businessdictionary.com http://www.allbusiness.com/human-resources/employee-development/100470-1.html